Access restrictions were established for this page. If you see this message, you have no access to this page.
بدون خلاصۀ ویرایش |
بدون خلاصۀ ویرایش |
||
| خط ۲۲: | خط ۲۲: | ||
The Regulation of Neurotransmitters in the Brain | The Regulation of Neurotransmitters in the Brain | ||
GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and it originates from glutamate decarboxylation. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the Central Nervous System. Patients with autism exhibited abnormal levels of proteins and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) associated with the glutamate system in the cerebellum. The medium-chain fatty acids that are present during the consumption of a ketogenic diet directly inhibit glutamate receptors and reduce seizures. Other studies found that beta-hydroxybutyrate, which is produced from a ketogenic diet, inhibited GABA degradation in astrocytes. One study showed that children with Autism spectrum disorder had reduced GABA levels in sensorimotor function, and this phenomenon was associated with poor tactile performance compared to healthy children. Autism spectrum disorder patients had significantly lower GABA concentrations in the auditory cortex. Patients with Autism spectrum disorder also had abnormal maturation of the neuronal circuitry on magnetoencephalography (MEG) and edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). In summary, a ketogenic diet may ameliorate Autism spectrum disorder behaviors via the modulation of neurotransmitters, such as increasing GABA levels. | GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and it originates from glutamate decarboxylation. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the Central Nervous System. Patients with autism exhibited abnormal levels of proteins and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) associated with the glutamate system in the cerebellum. The medium-chain fatty acids that are present during the consumption of a ketogenic diet directly inhibit glutamate receptors and reduce seizures. Other studies found that beta-hydroxybutyrate, which is produced from a ketogenic diet, inhibited GABA degradation in astrocytes. One study showed that children with Autism spectrum disorder had reduced GABA levels in sensorimotor function, and this phenomenon was associated with poor tactile performance compared to healthy children. Autism spectrum disorder patients had significantly lower GABA concentrations in the auditory cortex. Patients with Autism spectrum disorder also had abnormal maturation of the neuronal circuitry on magnetoencephalography (MEG) and edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). In summary, a ketogenic diet may ameliorate Autism spectrum disorder behaviors via the modulation of neurotransmitters, such as increasing GABA levels. | ||
Modulation of the Gut Microbiota | |||
gastrointestinal symptoms, including constipation and diarrhea, are common in Autism spectrum disorder individuals and are associated with the severity of Autism spectrum disorder symptoms. Gorrindo et al. reported that constipation was associated with increased social impairment and language disorders. Patients with Autism spectrum disorder have different gut microbiome components and metabolic products. The gut microbiota communicates with the brain via the neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and autonomic nervous systems, which is the so-called microbiota–gut-brain axis. Porphyromonadaceae, Prevotellaceae, Bacteroidales, and Lachnospiraceae were more abundant in the Autism spectrum disorder animal model. An increasing number of studies showed that gut microbiota disturbances were associated with Autism spectrum disorder patients, and modulation of the gut microbiota improved symptoms in Autism spectrum disorder patients. | |||
A ketogenic diet restored gut microbial composition and improved Autism spectrum disorder core features, including social communication and repetitive behaviors, in an Autism spectrum disorder animal model. A ketogenic diet increased the levels of Akkermansia, Parabacteroides, Bacteroides, and Desulfovibrio spp. in animal models of seizure, glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome, and Autism spectrum disorder. A ketogenic diet did not change locomotor activity, anxiety-related behaviors, recognition memory, or sociability in young male rats, which suggests that a ketogenic diet may be more effective in females in some cases. As mentioned above, a ketogenic diet likely modifies the composition of the gut microbiota in different animal disease models, including Autism spectrum disorder. However, there are few studies on alterations of the gut microbiota in humans treated with a ketogenic diet. In summary, modulation of the gut microbiota may be a new target for therapy in Autism spectrum disorder patients. | |||