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spectrum disorder affects 3.4–6.7 per 1,000 children. Boys are four times more likely than girls to have Autism spectrum disorder.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16675944 Mental health in the United States: parental report of diagnosed autism in children aged 4-17 years–United States]</ref> | <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> | ||
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by stereotyped behavior and deficits in communication and social interaction. Autism spectrum disorder affects 3.4–6.7 per 1,000 children. Boys are four times more likely than girls to have Autism spectrum disorder.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16675944 Mental health in the United States: parental report of diagnosed autism in children aged 4-17 years–United States]</ref> | |||
The core features of Autism spectrum disorder patients are social communication deficits and repetitive sensory–motor behaviors. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), patients who are diagnosed with Autism spectrum disorder must have persistent deficits in social communication and repetitive and unusual sensory–motor behaviors. Comorbidities in Autism spectrum disorder are common and include epilepsy, sleep disorders, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, and psychopathologies such as anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and intellectual disability<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5360849/ An overview of autism spectrum disorder, heterogeneity and treatment options]</ref>. Sleep disturbances occur in 50–80% Autism spectrum disorder children, and sleep disorder is associated with behavioral dysregulation. Epilepsy is also one of the most common comorbidities in Autism spectrum disorder children, and the average prevalence reaches 26%. Autism spectrum disorder individuals who have epilepsy are likely to exhibit more severe autism-related symptoms. GI symptoms, which range from 23 to 70% in ASD children, are related to the severity of Autism spectrum disorder. Approximately 31% of children with Autism spectrum disorder have intelligence quotient scores below 70<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5408485/ The gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorders]</ref>. The cost of raising a child with Autism spectrum disorder is 1.4–3.6 million dollars according to the level of intellectual disability, and the largest expenses are special education costs and the loss of parental productivity. When children grow up, supportive living accommodations and the loss of individual productivity become the highest costs. Therefore, Autism spectrum disorder places a large burden on society and the affected families<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911948 Costs of autism spectrum disorders in the United Kingdom and the United States]</ref>. There are no effective drugs for Autism spectrum disorder. Several interventions, such as special education and behavioral interventions, provide some benefits, but these interventions do not improve all core symptoms of Autism spectrum disorder and have less effects on comorbidities, including epilepsy. Therefore, new therapies are urgently needed to broaden the management options and improve the prognosis of these patients. | The core features of Autism spectrum disorder patients are social communication deficits and repetitive sensory–motor behaviors. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), patients who are diagnosed with Autism spectrum disorder must have persistent deficits in social communication and repetitive and unusual sensory–motor behaviors. Comorbidities in Autism spectrum disorder are common and include epilepsy, sleep disorders, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, and psychopathologies such as anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and intellectual disability<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5360849/ An overview of autism spectrum disorder, heterogeneity and treatment options]</ref>. Sleep disturbances occur in 50–80% Autism spectrum disorder children, and sleep disorder is associated with behavioral dysregulation. Epilepsy is also one of the most common comorbidities in Autism spectrum disorder children, and the average prevalence reaches 26%. Autism spectrum disorder individuals who have epilepsy are likely to exhibit more severe autism-related symptoms. GI symptoms, which range from 23 to 70% in ASD children, are related to the severity of Autism spectrum disorder. Approximately 31% of children with Autism spectrum disorder have intelligence quotient scores below 70<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5408485/ The gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorders]</ref>. The cost of raising a child with Autism spectrum disorder is 1.4–3.6 million dollars according to the level of intellectual disability, and the largest expenses are special education costs and the loss of parental productivity. When children grow up, supportive living accommodations and the loss of individual productivity become the highest costs. Therefore, Autism spectrum disorder places a large burden on society and the affected families<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911948 Costs of autism spectrum disorders in the United Kingdom and the United States]</ref>. There are no effective drugs for Autism spectrum disorder. Several interventions, such as special education and behavioral interventions, provide some benefits, but these interventions do not improve all core symptoms of Autism spectrum disorder and have less effects on comorbidities, including epilepsy. Therefore, new therapies are urgently needed to broaden the management options and improve the prognosis of these patients. | ||